Origins of the Written Form of Protocols in Russian Criminal Procedure from the Statute of 1864

Jurists call the written-protocol form in the Russian, and before that the Soviet, criminal process a relic of earlier preliminary judicial procedures. It turns out that the modern rules for drawing up protocols are inherited from the Statute of Criminal Procedure of 1864, which entrenched the written character of the preliminary investigation, though the latter had been conducted in writing even before the reform, was built on a paper confrontation, and came into the system of preliminary investigation from earlier courts.